Mountains

In this article we will speak about the scientific facts that were mentioned in the Quran more than 1400 years ago and how humans have only come to know these facts in the last two centuries thanks to the great evolution of modern technology.
The facts we are going to talk about are what mountains are and what their purpose is.
Up to the 18th century:
In the past mountains were perceived as just a mass on top of the earth’s surface until the beginning of the 18th century when Pierre Buger who was the head of an exhibition to the Andes mountains realized that the gravitational attributes of that area didn’t correlate to the huge mass of the Andes mountains in fact it was much smaller than he had expected.
To make his calculations he used a Plumb bab, Due to his observations he inferred that there must be a huge amount of mass which was invisible to him and he deduced that it must be underneath the mountains.
The beginning of the 19th century:
In the beginning of the 19th century there were many geological surveys done by British geological expeditions in the Indian peninsula.
They discovered irregularities in gravity readings near the Himalayas which were put down as the mystery of India because in their minds it had no logical explanation.
The middle of the 19th century:
This is when Sir George Everest concluded that these irregularities can not have any explanation other than that these huge mountains must have extensions that reach deep inside the earth.
And these extensions either have the same density as the mountains do or are denser.
He came to his conclusions by using:
-Triangulation Techniques.
-Astronomical Techniques.
He performed his calculations on two areas one which was about 153 meters away from any mountains and one that was surrounded by mountains.
-In the year 1865, Sir George Everest made a theory that the surface of the earth is not sufficient to hold the mountains on top of it and he imposed that the surface of the earth and the mountains on top of it are like floating islands on a sea of higher density rocks.
So for mountains to be stable as they are they must have roots inside the higher density area.

Year 1989:
In this year the scientific explanation of Sir George’s theory came from a group of models presented by the American geologist Dutton.
In these models he explained the theory of Isostasy, he had a sink filled with water and he put a group of wooden objects with different heights in the water, He observed that the hidden parts of the floating objects were equal to the seen parts. He called this the state of Hydrostatic balance. This corresponds to the state of the mountains.
-Up to this point everything was still in theory until the stage came when these theories became known facts as scientists are now capable of accurate calculations of what lies beneath the surface of the earth.
The two important facts:
The two important facts that science has reached today about mountains which were unknown thousands of years ago are:
1- Mountains are not just a mass on top of the surface of the earth they have roots inside the earth.
2- The existence of mountains on earth is crucial due to the fact that mountains are what keep the earth stable as it rotates.

The holy Quran:
-The Quran described mountains as pegs that keep the earth balanced.
“Have We not made the earth as a bed, and the mountains as pegs?”
Quran Surah Al Naba’ verse: 6-7

“And He has set firm mountains in the earth so that it would not shake with you”
Quran Surah Al Nahl verse: 15
-As we can see this meaning corresponds to the scientific discoveries, because pegs are used to keep tents down and stable and to perform their job they need to be submitted in the ground.

Figure 1: Mountains have deep roots under the surface of the ground. (Earth, Press and Siever, p. 413.)

Figure 2: Another illustration shows how the mountains are peg-like in shape, due to their deep roots. (Earth Science, Tar buck and Lutgens, p. 158.)

Figure 3: Schematic section. The mountains, like pegs, have deep roots embedded in the ground. (Anatomy of the Earth, Cailleux, p. 220.)

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